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  • The Augusta Rule: A Tax Strategy with Unique Origins

    The Augusta Rule: A Tax Strategy with Unique Origins

    The “Augusta Rule”, though commonly referred to by this name, does not appear explicitly in the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). Instead, it is based on IRC Section 280A(g), which allows taxpayers to rent out their personal residence for up to 14 days per year without having to include the rental income in their taxable income. This provision is widely known as the Augusta Rule due to its origins in Augusta, Georgia, where homeowners began renting their homes to visitors during the annual Masters Tournament. This high-profile golf event created a demand for short-term housing, prompting the tax provision’s nickname.

    Let’s explore how this rule applies in practice, including an example, and the importance of following strict compliance measures to avoid pitfalls.

    Example: A Hilton Head Business Retreat

    A business owner owns a beachfront second home in Hilton Head Island, SC. They decide to rent it out for 7 days per year to their S corporation, which uses it for an annual leadership retreat.

    • Attendees: The retreat includes 2 family members who are shareholders/employees, 3 non-family leadership team members, and spouses of all attendees.

    • Rental Rate: The S corporation pays $20,000 for the 7-day use, which aligns with fair market rental values for comparable beachfront properties in Hilton Head.

    The arrangement allows the business owner to:

    1. Exclude the $20,000 rental income under Section 280A(g), as the rental period is under 14 days.

    2. Have the S corporation deduct $20,000 as a legitimate business expense, assuming all requirements are met.

    Requirements to Comply with the Augusta Rule

    1. Fair Market Rental Value:

    • The $20,000 rental rate must be reasonable and supported by documentation of comparable rentals. Inflated or arbitrary rates, especially in related-party transactions, may trigger IRS scrutiny.

    2. Legitimate Business Purpose:

    • The retreat must serve a valid business purpose, such as team building, strategic planning, or leadership training. Personal use of the property, such as leisure activities, must not overlap with the rental period.

    • Proper documentation, such as meeting agendas, minutes, and evidence of attendee participation, is essential.

    3. Rental Agreement:

    • A formal rental agreement between the homeowner and the S corporation should outline all terms, including rental amount, dates, and responsibilities.

    4. Spousal Attendance:

    • The spouses’ presence must be tied to a legitimate business purpose, such as participation in spouse-inclusive sessions or networking events. If not, their costs may not be deductible.

    Potential Pitfalls and Relevant Case Law

    1. Lack of Documentation:

    • In Van Malssen v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 1994-73, the court denied a rental deduction because the taxpayer failed to prove the business-related use of the property. This highlights the importance of maintaining clear and complete records.

    2. Inflated Rental Rates:

    • In Rosemary v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 1992-723, the IRS disallowed deductions for rental expenses deemed excessive in related-party transactions. The taxpayer must justify the rental rate with market data.

    3. Personal Use:

    • Misclassification of personal use as business use can lead to disallowed deductions. Section 274(d) requires substantiation of all deductions for travel, lodging, and meals.

    Why It Matters

    The Augusta Rule provides a unique opportunity for homeowners to exclude up to 14 days of rental income annually. However, it’s not a loophole to exploit; failure to follow strict compliance can result in IRS challenges. In the Hilton Head example, proper documentation of the rental rate, business purpose, and participant involvement ensures the arrangement withstands scrutiny.

    Key Compliance Tips:

    • Ensure the rental rate aligns with fair market value.

    • Clearly document the business purpose of the rental.

    • Maintain detailed records, including agendas, minutes, and contracts.

    • Separate personal use from business use.

    By following these steps, business owners can legally leverage the Augusta Rule to reduce taxes while adhering to the requirements of IRC Section 280A(g). As always, consult with a tax professional to ensure compliance with tax laws and avoid common pitfalls.

  • Welcome to The Tax Pro Blog

    Thank you for visiting The Tax Pro Blog! This space is dedicated to sharing valuable insights, strategies, and resources to empower tax professionals in their work. My goal is to foster excellence in tax preparation, compliance, and financial planning while helping you, as a Tax Pro, better serve your clients and secure their financial futures.

    Whether you’re looking for practical tips, updates on tax laws, or thoughtful discussions about industry best practices, you’ll find it here. Together, we can elevate the standards of our profession and create lasting value for the taxpayers who rely on our expertise.

    Let’s grow, learn, and succeed together!

  • Understanding Depreciation Recapture on vehicles when the Standard Mileage Rate is Used

    Depreciation recapture can be a tricky topic, especially when the standard mileage rate has been used to deduct vehicle expenses. Since this is a common area of confusion, let’s break down the mechanics using a practical example to illustrate the process.

    Scenario Overview

    • Original Vehicle Cost Basis: $25,000

    • Total Miles Driven (Business): 18,000 miles

    • Vehicle Sold For: $15,000

    • Standard Mileage Rate Used: Assumed at $0.655 per mile (for simplicity).

    The Key Concept

    When the standard mileage rate is used, a portion of that rate accounts for depreciation. For tax purposes, this depreciation must be recaptured upon the sale of the vehicle if it results in a gain. The IRS annually sets the per-mile depreciation component within the standard mileage rate, which forms the basis for this calculation.

    Step-by-Step Mechanics

    1. Determine Total Depreciation Claimed Through the Mileage Rate

    Each year, the IRS specifies how much of the standard mileage rate represents depreciation. For example, in 2023, the depreciation portion was $0.28 per mile. Using that figure:

    2. Calculate Adjusted Basis of the Vehicle

    The adjusted basis is the original cost basis minus the depreciation allowed or allowable:

    3. Determine Gain or Loss on Sale

    Compare the sale price of the vehicle to the adjusted basis:

    Since the result is a loss, there is no depreciation recapture required. However, vehicle losses from personal use are not deductible, so this loss cannot offset other income.

    4. If There Were a Gain

    Let’s consider if the vehicle sold for $22,000 instead:

    The $2,040 gain would be subject to Section 1245 depreciation recapture rules, meaning up to $5,040 (the depreciation claimed) would be recaptured as ordinary income. If the gain exceeded the depreciation ($2,040 < $5,040), all of it would be ordinary income.

    Key Takeaways for Tax Pros

    1. Depreciation in Standard Mileage Rate: Always check IRS guidelines for the depreciation portion of the mileage rate in the years the vehicle was used.

    2. Track Total Business Miles: Accurate records of business miles driven are essential for calculating depreciation recapture.

    3. Loss on Sale: Losses on personal-use property are non-deductible, even if depreciation was claimed through the mileage rate.

    4. Gain Recapture: Any gain, up to the depreciation claimed, is recaptured as ordinary income under Section 1245.

    By understanding these mechanics, you can better assist clients with the proper reporting of vehicle sales and ensure compliance with IRS regulations.

    What challenges do you face when advising clients on depreciation recapture? Let’s collaborate to clarify this nuanced topic further!

  • How to Allocate Purchase Price Between Land and Building for Depreciation

    As tax professionals, we know depreciation is one of the most significant deductions for real estate rental properties. However, before claiming depreciation, you must allocate the purchase price between land (non-depreciable) and the building (depreciable). Here’s how to do it properly:
    1.Understand the Allocation Requirement
    Per IRC §167 and §168, only the portion of the property attributable to the building can be depreciated. Land is not subject to depreciation.
    2.Use the Sales Contract or Appraisal
    Start by reviewing the purchase agreement or an appraisal. These documents often specify the allocation between land and building. If reasonable and supported by evidence, this allocation is generally acceptable.
    3.Use the Assessed Tax Values
    When the sales contract or appraisal does not provide allocation details, many tax pros rely on local property tax assessments. Use the ratio of land to building values provided on the assessment and apply it to the purchase price. For example:
    •If the tax assessment shows 30% land and 70% building, allocate the same ratio to the purchase price.
    4.Fair Market Value (FMV) of Land and Building
    If no other data is available or if the property tax assessment is inaccurate, consider obtaining an independent appraisal to determine the FMV of the land and building separately.
    5.Ensure Consistency
    Consistency is critical. Your allocation should be supportable and applied uniformly for tax purposes. This includes aligning the allocation method with similar properties your client owns.
    6.Avoid Common Pitfalls
    •Allocating too much to land can reduce your client’s depreciation deductions unnecessarily.
    •Over-allocating to the building risks challenges from the IRS under IRC §482 (allocation of income and deductions).
    7.Cite Supporting Authority
    Case law, such as Alstores Realty Corp. v. Commissioner (46 T.C. 363), emphasizes the importance of using realistic and supportable methods for allocation. The IRS may challenge allocations that appear arbitrary or unsupported.

    By allocating accurately and defensibly, you can help clients maximize their depreciation deductions while staying compliant with the tax code.

    Got a tricky allocation scenario? Share below, and let’s discuss!

    RealEstateTaxes #TaxPros #Depreciation #IRC167 #IRC168 #TaxTips

  • Understanding How Pastors Are Paid as Dual-Status Employees Using a W-2 Form

    Pastors are considered “dual-status” employees for tax purposes, which means they are treated as employees for federal income tax purposes but as self-employed for Social Security and Medicare purposes. Here’s a detailed breakdown of how clergy compensation is handled, including important caveats for proper reporting on W-2 forms and Form 941:

    1. Housing Allowance
    •Not Included in Box 1 Wages: A minister’s housing allowance, whether designated for cash payment or housing expenses, is not taxable for federal income tax purposes and is not reported in Box 1 of the W-2.
    •Optional Reporting in Box 14 or Separate Statement: Churches often list the housing allowance in Box 14 of the W-2 for informational purposes, but they may also provide a separate statement to the pastor.
    •100% Salary Exclusion: Pastors may elect to have up to 100% of their salary designated as a housing allowance. In this case, nothing is reported on the W-2 regarding the housing allowance; it must be documented in a church resolution and detailed in a separate statement provided to the minister.
    •Subject to Self-Employment Tax: The housing allowance is still subject to self-employment tax and must be included in the pastor’s calculation of SECA tax.

    2. Accountable Reimbursement Plans
    •Not Included in Box 1 Wages: Reimbursements made under an accountable plan (e.g., for ministry-related expenses such as mileage, travel, or supplies) are not taxable income. To qualify:
    •The pastor must provide proper documentation, such as receipts, invoices, or mileage logs.
    •Any unused advances must be returned to the church.
    •Non-Accountable Reimbursements: Reimbursements made without accountability (no documentation or substantiation) are considered taxable income and must be included in Box 1 of the W-2.

    3. Federal and State Withholding
    •No Social Security/Medicare Withholding: Pastors’ wages are exempt from FICA (Social Security and Medicare withholding), and the W-2 should reflect:
    •No amounts in Boxes 3, 4, 5, or 6 (Social Security/Medicare wages and taxes).
    •Voluntary Withholding: Pastors can elect voluntary withholding for federal and state income taxes, which can also cover their self-employment tax liability. This is done by submitting Form W-4 to the church.
    •Self-Employment Tax Reimbursements: If the church reimburses the pastor for half of their self-employment tax, this reimbursement is considered taxable income and must be included in Box 1 of the W-2.

    4. Form 941 Reporting
    •Mark Box 4 if All Employees Are Exempt: If the pastor is the only church employee, make sure to check Box 4 (“No wages subject to Social Security/Medicare tax”) on Form 941. This confirms that no employees are subject to FICA, including Social Security and Medicare taxes.
    •No Social Security/Medicare Wages or Taxes: Ensure the pastor’s wages are excluded from Social Security/Medicare wage and tax calculations on Form 941.

    5. Exemption from Self-Employment Tax
    •Form 4361: Pastors can apply for an exemption from self-employment tax by filing Form 4361. However:
    •The form must be filed within the first two years of receiving ministerial income.
    •This exemption must be based on a religious objection to public insurance programs (such as Social Security), not simply a desire to avoid paying taxes. The pastor must certify that this objection is consistent with their denominational teachings and personal beliefs.

    Resources for Further Guidance
    •IRS Publication 517: Social Security and Other Information for Members of the Clergy and Religious Workers
    •IRS Form 4361 Instructions: Application for Exemption From Self-Employment Tax
    •Church & Clergy Tax Guide by Richard Hammar
    •IRS Minister Audit Techniques Guide: Minister Audit Guide

    If you work with churches get it right!

  • Mastering Farm Income Averaging to Optimize Tax Outcomes

    Farm Income Averaging (FIA) is a specialized provision for agricultural taxpayers under IRC §1301 that enables them to spread “elected farm income” (EFI) over the current year and the prior three tax years. Properly applied, it allows farm taxpayers to minimize tax burdens during high-income years by utilizing the lower tax brackets from prior years. Here’s how it works in detail and how tax professionals can implement it effectively.

    Mechanics of Schedule J

    FIA is reported on Schedule J (Form 1040). The process works by evenly allocating the client’s EFI among the current year and the prior three tax years (base years). Schedule J splits the EFI into three equal parts and assigns those portions to the taxable income of the base years. The IRS then calculates the tax effect of this allocation to determine the client’s total tax liability for the current year.

    This mechanism does not impact self-employment tax; it only adjusts the income tax calculation. Additionally, FIA can be applied even if the farm is owned through an entity like an S corporation or partnership, as long as at least 66.67% of the taxpayer’s gross income is derived from farming activities (IRC §1301(b)).

    Starting Point: Analyze the Lookback Period

    To effectively use FIA, tax professionals must identify the highest income year within the three prior base years and the shallowest tax bracket trough to begin planning. This ensures that the client’s EFI fills the unused portions of the lower brackets first:
    1. Review Prior Years’ Returns: Examine the taxable income of the client’s prior three years and identify the amount of unused room in the 10%, 12%, and 22% brackets.
    2. Determine EFI Allocation: Using Schedule J, allocate current-year EFI into the shallowest tax brackets of the base years, avoiding unnecessary overflow into higher brackets.
    3. Maximize Bracket Utilization: Allocate just enough EFI to fully utilize the lowest brackets in each base year while minimizing spillover into higher brackets.

    Planning Opportunities for Major Taxable Events
    1. Retirement Years: Farmers transitioning into retirement often have lower income levels, leaving their lower brackets largely unused. Income averaging allows them to offset high-income years (such as the final operating year) by leveraging the tax brackets in the retirement period and the three prior years.
    2. Farm Sales and Depreciation Recapture: Sales of farm property or equipment often trigger substantial depreciation recapture, which is taxed as ordinary income under IRC §1245 or §1250. FIA can mitigate the recapture’s tax effect by allocating that income to prior years’ lower tax brackets, reducing the overall rate at which it is taxed.
    3. Creating Troughs Proactively: Farmers can plan ahead to create larger “troughs” in the prior three years by strategically accelerating expenses or deductions. For example, they might prepay input costs, purchase necessary equipment, or utilize bonus depreciation. This lowers taxable income in those years, leaving more room in the lower brackets to maximize the benefits of FIA in future high-income years, such as when selling the farm or transitioning to retirement.

    Key Considerations for Effective FIA
    •Three-Year Lookback: Income averaging doesn’t just split current-year income into the prior three years—it also lets taxpayers utilize the current year’s brackets. This can create opportunities to offset income spikes.
    •Farms Held in Entities: For S corporations or partnerships that pass income to a Form 1040, the same rules apply if more than two-thirds of gross income comes from farming activities.
    •No Impact on SE Tax: Farm income averaging only applies to the income tax calculation and doesn’t reduce the self-employment tax liability of the taxpayer.
    •Coordination with Retirement and Other Strategies: Combining FIA with retirement distributions or installment sales can further enhance tax savings.

    Relevant Tax Code Sections
    •IRC §1301: Governs the rules for income averaging for farmers and fishermen.
    •IRC §1245 and §1250: Relate to depreciation recapture for tangible and real property, which often triggers ordinary income upon sale.
    •IRC §469(h)(3): Defines materially participating farmers, which is important for determining eligibility under farming rules.

    Takeaway

    Farm Income Averaging is a flexible, farmer-friendly tool that allows agricultural taxpayers to balance high-income years against prior lower-income periods. Tax professionals who master Schedule J and use the “shallowest trough” approach can maximize their clients’ tax savings. Additionally, helping clients proactively create troughs in low-income years through accelerated deductions or expenses can further enhance the effectiveness of FIA. By integrating FIA into comprehensive tax planning, including retirement and farm sale strategies, you can help clients retain more of their hard-earned income while staying compliant with IRS rules.

    agtax #farmers #agribusiness

  • Understanding the Optional Method of Social Security for Self-Employed Taxpayers: A Crucial Planning Tool for Tax Pros

    As tax professionals, it’s our responsibility to guide clients in maximizing their long-term financial security—including Social Security benefits. The optional method of reporting income for self-employed taxpayers can play a vital role in safeguarding Social Security credits, especially for clients with low or negative net profits. However, understanding its proper use and limitations is key.

    What Is the Optional Method?

    The optional method allows self-employed taxpayers to report a minimal amount of income to generate Social Security and Medicare (SECA) taxes, ensuring they earn Social Security credits even in low-profit or loss years. This is particularly valuable for securing credits toward retirement, disability, and survivor benefits.

    Limitations on Use:
    •Non-farm taxpayers may only use the optional method five times in their lifetime, which is not required to be consecutive.
    •Farmers have no limit on the number of times they can use the optional method, making it a unique planning opportunity for agricultural clients.

    Why Social Security Credits Matter

    Many clients associate Social Security credits solely with retirement benefits. However, these credits are equally essential for disability benefits and survivor benefits—often critical lifelines for working families.

    For 2025, one credit is earned for every $1,640 of self-employment income, up to four credits per year. To qualify for disability benefits, a client must meet the recent work test—typically earning 20 credits in the last 10 years. Filing zero profits or losses for five consecutive years results in no credits being applied to their Social Security account. After this, clients risk losing eligibility for disability benefits entirely, even if they’ve been working.

    Impacts on Families and Dependents

    Disability benefits aren’t just about the taxpayer—they can be life-changing for dependents. For example:
    •A disabled taxpayer’s child or spouse may be eligible for auxiliary benefits.
    •Survivor benefits provide financial support to dependent children and spouses in the event of a worker’s death.

    Failing to preserve Social Security credits during low-income years can result in a devastating loss of these protections.

    Actionable Takeaways for Tax Pros
    1.Educate Your Clients: Help clients understand the broader importance of Social Security credits—not just for retirement but also for disability and survivor benefits.
    2.Plan Strategically: Use the optional method judiciously for non-farm clients, considering their lifetime limit of five uses. For farmers, emphasize the unlimited opportunity to protect their credits.
    3.Highlight the Risk of Zero-Income Returns: Stress the consequences of filing zero or loss years without earning Social Security credits, especially for clients supporting young families.
    4.Optimize for Families: For clients with dependents, ensure their disability and survivor benefits are protected through careful income reporting.

    Proper planning isn’t just about taxes—it’s about securing your clients’ financial stability for life’s uncertainties. As trusted advisors, let’s make sure they’re covered.

  • Stepped-Up Basis at Death for Rental Real Estate: A Guide for Tax Professionals

    When a spouse passes, jointly owned rental property typically qualifies for a stepped-up basis on the deceased spouse’s share under IRC §1014(a). This adjustment is crucial for ensuring accurate depreciation calculations and minimizing errors on future tax filings. Unfortunately, many tax professionals overlook this adjustment, particularly for depreciation, leading to potential errors that can affect clients’ financial outcomes. Here’s a breakdown of the process, the rules, and why proper calculations are essential.

    Example Scenario: Jointly Owned Rental Property
    •Married Couple: John and Mary jointly own a rental property with a basis of $300,000.
    •Fair Market Value at Date of Death: $500,000.
    •John passes, and Mary inherits John’s 50% interest in the property.

    Step 1: Determining the Stepped-Up Basis

    Under IRC §1014(a)(1), the inherited 50% interest in the rental property receives a step-up in basis to its fair market value (FMV) at the date of John’s death. Mary’s new basis is calculated as:
    •Mary’s original 50% ownership (no step-up): $150,000.
    •John’s stepped-up basis for the inherited 50% interest: $250,000 (50% of FMV).

    Mary’s Total Basis After Adjustment: $400,000 ($150,000 + $250,000).

    Step 2: Adjusting for Depreciation

    The stepped-up basis must be depreciated separately from the original basis. Here’s how to calculate and apply depreciation:
    1.Original Basis Depreciation: Mary continues to depreciate her original $150,000 (50% of $300,000) over the remaining useful life of the property.
    2.Stepped-Up Basis Depreciation: The stepped-up basis of $250,000 must be depreciated as a new asset starting on the date of death over the appropriate class life, typically 27.5 years for residential rental property under IRC §168(c).

    Step 3: Depreciation Recapture Upon Sale

    When Mary sells the property, depreciation recapture applies differently:
    •Depreciation claimed on the stepped-up basis is not subject to recapture. This is because the stepped-up basis is treated as new property under IRC §1014(a).
    •Depreciation claimed on the original basis remains subject to recapture under IRC §1250.

    Step 4: Correcting Errors in Depreciation

    If depreciation adjustments for the stepped-up basis were not properly applied, you can correct them using a Section 481(a) adjustment. This adjustment allows taxpayers to account for prior missed depreciation deductions in the current year without amending prior returns, provided it meets the requirements under Rev. Proc. 2015-13.

    Why Proper Basis Calculation Matters

    Accurately applying the step-up and proper depreciation has several benefits:
    1. Tax Minimization: Ensures that depreciation deductions are maximized for the client.
    2. Avoiding Overstatement of Gain: Without proper adjustments, the gain on sale may be overstated, resulting in overpayment of tax.
    3. No Recapture on Stepped-Up Basis: By correctly claiming depreciation on the stepped-up portion, clients avoid unnecessary recapture taxes on that portion.

    Notes for taxpayers in Community Property states

    In community property states, the death of one spouse often results in significant tax benefits for the surviving spouse, particularly concerning the step-up in basis. Community property rules govern how property is owned and treated for tax purposes, and these rules differ from those in common law states.

    Community Property States

    The nine community property states are:

    • Arizona

    • California

    • Idaho

    • Louisiana

    • Nevada

    • New Mexico

    • Texas

    • Washington

    • Wisconsin

    Additionally, Alaska allows couples to opt into community property treatment by agreement.

    Key Impact of a Spouse’s Death in Community Property States

    1. Full Step-Up in Basis

    Under IRC §1014(b)(6), in a community property state, when one spouse dies, the entire property (not just the deceased spouse’s half) receives a step-up (or step-down) in basis to the fair market value (FMV) at the date of death. This rule applies regardless of who inherits the deceased spouse’s share.

    Example:

    • John and Mary own rental property as community property with a total basis of $300,000.

    • FMV at John’s death: $600,000.

    • The entire property’s basis is stepped up to $600,000, and Mary can use this as the new starting point for depreciation and gain calculation.

    This differs from common law states, where only the deceased spouse’s share typically receives the step-up.

    Relevant Case Law and References
    1. IRC §1014(a): Provides the rule for stepped-up basis at death.
    2. IRC §168(c): Establishes the class life and depreciation rules for rental property.
    3. IRC §1250: Governs depreciation recapture for real property.
    4. IRS Publication 527: Offers guidance on depreciation and basis adjustments for rental property.
    5. Case Law Example: Adams v. Commissioner, 85 T.C. 359 (1985) — Reinforces proper allocation of basis and depreciation adjustments.

    Conclusion

    Tax professionals must ensure accurate stepped-up basis calculations and apply depreciation adjustments correctly when one spouse passes. These adjustments are critical for minimizing taxes on sale and avoiding depreciation recapture issues. If prior errors exist, leverage Section 481(a) adjustments to bring depreciation in line.

  • How Taxpayers Are Selected for Audit Using DIF Scores

    The IRS uses a computer scoring system called the Discriminant Inventory Function (DIF) to evaluate tax returns for potential audit. The DIF score is based on a mathematical model that compares a taxpayer’s return to statistical norms derived from IRS data. Returns with unusually high or low DIF scores—indicating potential errors, misstatements, or fraud—are flagged for further review. Higher DIF scores suggest a greater likelihood of discrepancies or underreporting, prompting potential audit selection.

    The IRS also utilizes the Unreported Income DIF (UIDIF), which specifically targets cases of potential unreported income. However, not all flagged returns result in an audit; the IRS manually reviews many flagged returns before initiating further action.

    How the IRS Uses NAICS Codes to Assign Classes to Businesses

    Businesses are required to report their North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code on tax returns. This six-digit code identifies the industry in which the business operates. The IRS uses NAICS codes to classify businesses into industry groups, allowing it to compare reported income and expenses with averages for similar businesses. This comparison helps identify returns that deviate significantly from industry norms, which may indicate potential inaccuracies or misstatements.

    For example, a business in the restaurant industry reporting unusually low food expenses relative to revenue may raise a red flag for further review. The use of NAICS codes ensures that businesses are compared to similar operations, making the audit selection process more precise.

    The Role of the Statistics of Income Bulletin and Averages for Line Items

    The IRS relies on its Statistics of Income (SOI) Bulletin and other data sets to establish averages and norms for specific line items, such as income, deductions, and credits, by income level, industry, and filing status. These statistics are derived from tax returns filed in prior years and provide benchmarks for what is typical for taxpayers with similar characteristics.

    When a taxpayer’s reported amounts on specific line items, such as charitable deductions or business expenses, fall significantly outside these benchmarks relative to their income or adjusted gross income (AGI), it may indicate a potential misstatement. For example:
    •Excessively high charitable contributions relative to AGI could prompt a review.
    •Disproportionate business expenses for a small business compared to industry averages may trigger further scrutiny.

    This statistical approach enables the IRS to efficiently target returns with the highest risk of error or noncompliance.

  • Thinking of going into business with friends or family? Think twice—avoid FRAUD

    F – Familiarity breeds complications. Personal relationships can cloud judgment and lead to unchecked risks.
    R – Risking relationships. Disputes over money or control can permanently damage your bond.
    A – Accountability blurs. It’s harder to hold loved ones accountable when things go wrong.
    U – Undefined boundaries. Mixing business and personal life often leads to conflicts and confusion.
    D – Difficult to exit. Splitting up a business with friends or family is messy, costly, and emotional.

    Protect your relationships—keep business and family separate! Consult your accountant and attorney early and often!